Cement, Energy and Environment

Nano cement can also be produced by low-clinker content. In low-clinker Nano cement, the cement hydra on is by the binding of Ca(OH) [4]. Sabdonoa 2 et al. discussed the improvement in compressive strength of mortar with Nano cement content [6]. Bickbau and Shykun reported the produc on of ultra-high strength concrete with Nano cement [7]. Ikhlef supplied results of different tests inves ga ng the mechanical and physical characteris cs of mortars and concretes consis ng of Nano cement. The results showed improvement of water absorp on of mortar and concrete. The compressive strength at 28 days of concrete was increased by 10 – 65% [8]. This is due to the fact that decreasing the grain par cle of cement to the nanoscale increases the surface area which leads to increase of chemical ac vity and nuclea on effect improving the mechanical strength and durability of concrete. Bickbau recounted usage of Nano cement to reduce shrinkage and porosity and accordingly increased the long-term durability of concrete [9]. From an economic point of view, Bickbau discussed the opera on of the low-clinker Nano cement technology and presented that there is a real chance to decrease the cost per unit weight (ton) of cement by 40–60 kg with the same fuel content. This means the cement manufacture developed without built-up a new stages and the gas emissions reducing by 30 to 40% per ton [10]. In this technology, the amount of carbon dioxide emi ng from cement factories is reduced significantly through reduc on of the produced cement, therefore, can be more friendly with environment in addi on to the quality of produced cement [11]. This technology adapts with the special requirements of civil engineering and depending on structure requirements such as crack resistance, corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, addi onal material such as Silicon Dioxide nanopar cles (SiO ), Carbon nanotubes and 2 Aluminum Oxide nanopar cles (Al O ) will be mixed with clinker 2 3 to improve the chemical composi on of Nano Cement [12- 13]. As in situ cases, in ultra-high- performance concretes (UHPC), Nano op mized materials are used in the United States for bridges like Iowa built the first , UHPC Bridge in North America in Wapello County which was a joint project between Wapello County and the DOT. Currently, there are several trial photocataly c pavements sec ons that have been either built or are being planned. One such sec on using TiO is in St. Louis, MO, USA. This 2 pavement is a new highway constructed in 2011. In 2012, Rusnano Ltd cer fied six types of Nano cements to verify a full agreement to produce Nano cement with general purpose. In 2014, the Russian Federa on approved Nano modified Portland cement technical condi ons and established interna onal patents of Nano cement [14].Currently, the feasibility of establishing a produc on line of Nano cement in typical cement factories on canal way using local silica sand is the focus of research in a line of tradi onal cement factories in Egypt [15] and Alkufa cement factory in Iraq [20]. 2.0 MATERIAL & METHODS In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 mm (0.12 in) to 25 mm (0.98 in) in diameter. Nanocement is the cement produced by mechanical ac va on of nuclear cement par cles in the size range 2-3 μ m by coa ng with 10 to 100 nm- thick membranes of modifier materials. More than 65% of mineral supplements such as sand, ash, slag, and tuff and polymer addi ves are used as modifier materials [16]. The 69