Cement Energy Environment

41 Alternative Fuels The increase in the use of alternative fuels would reduce around 55 Mt of CO 2 or 13% of cumulative mitigation of CO 2 emissions by 2050 in the “2°C Scenario”, when compared with the “6°C scenario”. Blast furnance granulated slag Figure 4: Characteristics of clinker substitutes in Brazil Clinker Substitutes Source General characteristics of blended cements comapared to ordinary cements Positive Limiting Estimated level of production and comsumption Production of pig iron HIgh mechanical strength at long ages and better durability Higher power consumption of the grinding and lower mechanical strength, regionalization of supply Production: 7.4Mt in 2014, 11.1 Mt in 2030 and 14.9 Mt in 2025 consumption: 7.1 Mt in 2014, 10.0 Mt in 2030 and 14.7 Mt in 2050 Fly ash Coal fred thermo-electric plants Low demoand for water, improvements in workability, greater mechanical strength at long ages, improved durability Les relative mechanical resistances, principally at early ages, regionalization of supply Production: 2.2 Mt in 2014, 3.0 Mt in 2030 and 3.3 Mt in 2050 Consumption: 1.4 Mt in 2014, 2.7 Mt in 2030 and 3.1 Mt in 2050 Calcinated clays Speci cally produced from clay mines Improved durability and unrestricted distribution Lower relative mechanical strength, especially at early ages and larger counterparts to ensure the rheology Great availability of clay reserves. Consumption: 1.5 Mt in 2014, 3.4 Mt in 2030 and 5.4 Mt in 2050 Limestone ller Limestone mines Improved workability and synergetic e ect when associated with calcined days Cement content limitation, as it does not perform as traditional additions Greate availability of limestone reserves. Comsumption: 4.0 Mt in 2014 16.Mt in 2030 and 33.5 Mt in 2050 Blast furnace acid slag Production of pig iron using coal Improved durability, greater response to thermal cure Lower relative mechanical strength, especially in early ages Production: 1.22 Mt in 2030 and 1.64 Mt in 2050 Consumption: 0.24 Mt in 2030 and 0.49 Mt in 2050 Steel slag Steel production Reduction in clinker-to cement ratio: synergetic e ect with blast furance slag Lower relative mechanical strength, especially in early ages Production: 5.6 Mt in 2030 and 7.5 Mt in 2050 Consumption: 1.1 Mt in 2030 and 2.2 Mt in 2050