Cement Energy Environment

15 The Net-Zero emissions target is more realistic because it allows for some residual emissions to remain in system. These are emissions produced by “hard-to-treat” sectors where emission abatement is comparatively costly and making whole mining production un- economical. These residual emissions are allowed as long as they are offset by gross negative emissions, achieved by removing emissions using natural or engineered sinks. A situation of net-zero emissions then occurs when the gross negative emissions match the gross positive emissions. Using “negative emissions” technologies will help in removal of greenhouse gases and will help in achieving net-zero targets. With the efforts of achieving ‘Net Zero Targets’ This is certainly plausible that some industries will be net-negative rather than just net-zero. For achieving the ‘Net Zero Target’, there are requirements for ‘offsetting’ that every effort needs to be made to reduce emissions in the mining process. This offsetting will play an important role i.e. effective land use and power that have the potential to deploy greenhouse gas removal technologies, that will need to offset residual emissions from the hard-to-treat sectors in order to achieve net-zero across the world. Three “scopes” (scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3) are defined for GHG accounting and reporting purposes, for delineating direct and indirect emission sources, improving transparency, and providing utility for different types of organizations and different types of climate policies and business goals. Out of three, Direct GHG emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the company, for example, • emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, vehicles, etc. • emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process equipment. Direct CO 2 emissions from the combustion of biomass shall not be included in scope 1 but reported separately. Emissions not covered by the Kyoto Protocol, e.g. CFCs, NOx, etc. shall not be included in scope 1 but may be reported separately. Scope 2 accounts for GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity consumed by a company. • Purchased electricity is defined as electricity that is purchased or otherwise brought into the organizational boundary of the company. Scope 2 emissions physically occur at the facility where electricity is generated. Net Zero means consuming resources and replenishing them, such as using energy as much as is produced, achieving a sustainable balance between water availability and demand, and eliminating solid waste sent to landfills in mining practices. Concept of Greenhouse Gases Emissions Types Scope 1: Direct GHG Emissions Scope 2: Electricity Indirect GHG Emissions: Scopes 1 and 2 are carefully defined to ensure that two or more companies will not account for emissions in the same scope. This makes the scopes amenable for use in GHG programs where double counting matters. Companies shall separately account for and report on scopes 1 and 2 at a minimum. Achieving Net Zero Energy means producing, from renewable resources, as much energy on site as is used over the course of a year. Achieving Net Zero Water means limiting the consumption of water resources and returning it back to the same watershed so as not to deplete the resources of that region, in quantity or quality over the course of the year Achieving Net Zero Waste means reducing, reusing, and recovering waste streams to convert them to valuable resources with zero solid waste sent to landfills over the course of the year.