Cement, Energy and Environment

address the issue to limit residues in the final product. In addition to technical standards, country-specific environmental policies, location of plant and fuel prices in the country also affect the economics of waste processing. The overall cost of waste processing includes the capital and operating costs of: § Kiln and equipment upgrades § Performance testing § Waste processing material acquisition and transportation § Continuous emissions monitoring system § Sampling and testing of materials § Operation, health and safety; specific personal protective equipment and training An important aspect related to use of waste as fuel in cement kiln is the challenge of emission from the kiln, often needing deployment of additional emission control mechanism. Way forward – Sustainable Development Scenario (2030) With the world striving for a low carbon future, it becomes extremely significant for industries to follow suit. A key milestone in this journey is altering the sources of energy, especially for the energy intensive industries. The Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS) by the International Energy Agency provides a benchmark to measure progress towards a more sustainable energy future. Since the cement industry contributes about 7% to global CO emissions, 2 spearheading this change makes the industry a key player. Analyzing the past trends from 2014 to 2016, the direct CO 2 emissions have shown a little change due to thermal energy efficiency improvement offset due to a slight increase in the global clinker-to-cement ratio. To align with the IEA SDS objectives, the direct CO 2 intensity of cement needs to decline by 0.3% annually through to 2030, keeping in consideration the fact that the production of cement must grow to meet the increasing demand for cement. Recent trends show that cement production stayed flat in 2017 relative to 2016 at 4.1 Gt globally, showing a decline since 2014 when it reached almost 4.2 Gt. In 2016, there was an estimation that the cement sector consumed 10.5 EJ (ExaJoules = 10 GJ) of 9 energy and generated 2.2 Gt of CO emissions globally. This 2 represents an annual decrease in the energy use of 1% from 2014 while the level of CO 2 emissions showed only a slight change due to a slight increase in the global clinker- to-cement ratio, which had offset energy efficiency improvements in the cement production process. To meet the SDS goals, the energy intensity must fall by 0.1% a year to 3.3 GJ/t. Globally, the thermal and electricity energy intensities have continued to gradually decline, as dry-process kilns, including staged preheaters and pre-calciners – considered the state-of-the-art technology – replace wet-process kilns, and more efficient grinding equipment is deployed. In order to reach the SDS goals, the thermal energy intensity of clinker production must decline by 0.1% a year to a global average of 3.3 GJ/t clinker, and electricity intensity must fall by 0.3% to 87 kWh/t cement. The major part of the progress is particularly needed in Eurasia, since it has the highest thermal energy intensity of clinker production at 5.7 GJ/t, primarily because of the continued use of wet- process kilns. Talking about the use of alternative fuels in the share of alternative fuels (biomass and waste) used, should increase to 18% from about 6% in 2016 of the proportion of thermal energy in order to meet the SDS goals by 2030. The 12