Cement, Energy and Environment

parts-especially in fine fractions. Above all, hexavalent chromate (CrO/) which can trigger carcinoma ("bricklayer's itch"/"mason's itch") needs to be mentioned here within the sphere of harm to human health. Cobalt, Co o As disinfection agent o In homeopathic ointments o In contraception Copper is an essential trace element constituent of many enzymes. • Potassium cobalt silicate for coloring of Lead, Pb glasses (cobalt blue, cobalt glass) and • In batteries ceramics • Alloy component for the production of corrosion resistant alloys • Alloys for permanent magnets • Alloys of cobalt, chrome and tungsten are very hard and are used for tools (chisel tips) • Component of "WiDia" (sinter material of tungsten carbide and 10% cobalt, employed in the production of cutting tools, e.g. drills) • Promoter in chemical synthesis (e.g. hydroformylation, desulphurisation) • In Li-Co batteries • Additive in fertilizer and feed agents in cobalt– poor ground • Production of paints (as coloring component, as drying agent) Cobalt plays a significant role in biochemistry. In Vitamin 8 12 Co forms the central atom. Copper, Cu • Conducting material in electric technology (coils for electrica l motors, spools, generators, transformers , cables and switchgear; live conductors in high, medium and low voltage und networks and electronics (wiring in semi– conductor chips)) • Building field: Roof, gutter and fa9ade material • Pipes and fittings for drinking water supply and heating installations • Small items such as office clips, document bindings • Copper-zinc-alloys (= brass): Handles and door furniture, decorating material • Copper-tin-alloys (= bronze): Decorating material • Coin metal ("German silver" or "nickel silver" = Cu-Ni alloy) • Copper salts as fungicide in plant protection and in wood protection agents • Copper-sulphate solutions for galvanising • In the medical field: • Lead metal foils for roof sealings • As alloy component in bottle capsules, tubes and tinsel (stanniol =tinned lead foil) Table 1 Proposal for the characterization of alternative fuels (Source: MVW) Material Composition Value Unit Moisture Ash Biodegradable ingredients Short Analysis Fixed carbon Volatiles Eleme~tal Analysis c H 0 N s Cl F Mecha~ical Characteristics Bulk density Grain-size distribution Caloric Characteristics Gross calorific value Net calorific value Ignition and combustion behaviour Ma.-% ar Ma.-%d Ma.-% d Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf Ma.-% daf kg/m3 ar Ma.-% MJ/kg daf MJ/kg daf Abbreviations: ar = as received; d = dry; daf = dry and ash– free 16