Cement, Energy and Environment

• • • • • Studies have found their radiative effect is comparable to or larger than the temperature forcing caused by all the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations record since pre-industrial times. Higher temperatures are known to increase emissions of dimenthyl sulfide (OMS) from the world's oceans, which increases the albedo of marine stratus clouds, which has a cooling effect. lodocompounds - created by marine algae- function as cloud condensation nuclei which help create new clouds that reflect more incoming solar radiation back to space and thereby cool the planet. As the air's C0 2 content - and possibly its temperature - continues to rise, plants emit greater amounts of carbonyl sulfide gas, which eventually makes it way into the stratosphere, where it is transformed into solar– radiation-reflecting sulphate aersol particles, which have a cooling effect. As C0 2 enrichment enhances biological growth, atmospheric levels of biosols rise, many of which function as cloud condensation nuclei. Increased cloudiness diffuses light, which stimulates plant growth and transfers more fixed carbon into plant and soil storage reservoirs. Since agriculture accounts for almost half of nitrous oxide (N 2 0) emissions in some countries, there is concern that enhanced plant growth due to C0 2 enrichment might increase the amount and warming effect of this greenhouse gas. But field research shows that N 2 0 emissions fall as C0 2 concentrations and temperatures rise, indicating that is actually another negative climate feedback. • Methane (CH 4 ) is a potent greenhouse gas. An enhanced C0 2 environment has been shown to have "neither positive nor negative consequences" on atmospheric methane concentrations. Higher temperatures have been shown to result in reduced methane release from peathbeds . Methane emissions from cattle have been reduced considerably by altering diet, immunization, and genetic selection. Chapter 3. Observations: Temperature Records • The IPCC claims to find evidence in temperature records that the warming of the twentieth century was "unprecedented" and more rapid than during any previous period in the past 1,300 years. But the evidence it cites, including the "hockey-stick" representation of earth's temperature record by Mann et a/., has been discredited and contradicted by many independent scholars. • A corrected temperature record shows temperatures around the world were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period of approximately 1,000 years ago than they are today, and have averaged 2-3°F warmer than today's temperatures over the past 10,000 years. • • • • Evidence of global Medival Warm Period is extensive and irrefutable. Scientists working with a variety of independent methodologies have found it in proxy records from Africa, Antarctica the Arctic, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. The IPCC cites as evidence of modern global warming data from surface-based recording stations yielding a 1905-2005 temperature increase of . 0.74°C +/- 0.180C. But this temperature record is known to be positively biased by insufficient corrections for the non-greenhouse-gas– induced urban heat island (UHI) effect. It may be impossible to make proper corrections for this deficiency, as the UHI of even small towns dwarfs any concomitant augmented greenhouse effect that may be present. Highly accurate satellite data, adjusted for orbit drift and other factors, show a much more modest warming trend in the last two decades of the twentieth century and a dramatic decline in the warming trend in the first decade of the twenty-first century. The "fingerprint" or pattern of warming observed in the twentieth century differs from the pattern predicted by global climate models designed to simulate C0 2 - intended global warming. Evidence reported by the U.S. Climate Change Science Programme (CCSP) is unequivocal: All green house models show an increasing warming trend with altitude in the tropics, peaking around 10 km at 28