Cement Energy and Environment

Integrated Energy Systems: The Way Ahead Fat trap unit Energy generation and pollutants emission scenarios can play a vital role for understanding many issues directly or indirectly related to energy supply and demand, ( Equalisation tank as well as issues change. such In environmental as climate the face of resource scarcity and climate change, the world energy system is going to encounter a major transformation . The world is going to have a very distinct energy system in future from the one that exists currently. It is necessary to develop a new energy system that is exclusively based on the extended use of renewable energies in order to reduce or balance C02 emissions to a great e;t~ent. Today, one of the greatest challenges with humanity is finding a way to access safe, clean and sustainable energy. Around the world, researchers, policymakers and investors have been struggling for answering to the questions on the future energy system. It is very important to identify the energy reserves based on their availability and sustainability that can lead to develop a sustainable energy generation process. The primary goal is to integrate the various form of renewable energy (Figure 2) in order to achieve the maximum extraction of energy and supplies. We hope that all of us working together are able to achieve this goal for the future generations of the world. Courtesy: Akshay Urja, Volume 10, Issue 1, August 2016 BIOGAS FROM DAIRY EFFLUENT SCUM Steady rise in the world demand for milk and milk products has led to tremendous growth of dairy industries. Around 500 modern dairy plants, spread throughout the country, process around 300 lakh litres of milk every day and produce packed liquid milk of different grades and a wide variety of dairy products. It has been estimated that 300-600 lakh litres of effluent is also produced in the milk processing plants every day. The effluent is first stored in a raw effluent collection tank and subsequently treated for safe disposal. Low density solid particles (fats, lipids, proteins, etc.) float on the exposed surface in the tank and are called 'dairy effluent scum'. It has been estimated that 50-1 00 kg of scum is produced for every lakh litres of milk processing capacity depending upon the final product. The scum is manually removed and landfilled, used either for soap manufacturing or spread in drying beds for subsequent use after vermicomposting/ composting. The organic fraction of the solid waste has been recognized as a valuable resource that can be converted into useful products using microbes. Anaerobic digestion is a well established technology for treatment of organic wastes. Biodegradation of the organic wastes in the absence of oxygen produces biogas, which is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide as major components and traces of hydrogen, ammonia, Table 1: Physico-chemical characteristics of dairy effluent scum Parameters . - ... - .. pH 6.5 ±;0.3 Total solids. %wb 10.4±;3.2 Volatile :>olids, %db 76.8-±;4.6 Organic carbon. 47.2±;1.2 %db Total nitrogen, %db 1.8 ±;0 .2 Total phosphorus, 1.0 ±0 .2 %dh Crude protein. %db 11.2±1.2 Crude fat, %db 7.5t1.5 wb - wet basis db - dr basis 54 -+