CMA

53 Further research is needed on the long term sustainability and end of life recycling applications for concrete structures made with ash amended cement. Cost effective, industrial scale pre treatment options, coupled with a life cycle assessment, warrant some investigation, as most mentions of ash-washing are performed on a laboratory scale; industrial scale cement manufacturing experiments using MSWI ash are comparatively unavailable. Further research should also be performed on front-end processing techniques, such as combustion additives, to control chloride and trace element concentrations to make MSWI ash more conducive to reuse. In addition to those discussed in this paper, there are practical limitations that should be considered when using MSWI ash as kiln feed, such as physical material conveyance mechanisms, large metallic particles, moisture, and the inherent heterogeneity of the material; a critical literature gap exists in addressing these issues. Waste recycling continues to evolve, and cement manufacture is one of the most promising waste recycling applications. MSWI ash reuse is a challenging and multifaceted problem for which successful implementation has considerable upside. References Ashraf, M.S., Ghouleh, Z., Shao, Y., 2019. Production of eco-cement exclusively from municipal solid waste incineration residues. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 149, 332–342. Bogush, A.A., Stegemann, J.A., Zhou, Q., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., Wei, J., 2020. Co- processing of raw and washed air pollution control residues from energy from waste-facilities in the cement kiln. J. Clean. Prod. 254, 119924. Chimenos J.M., Fernàndez A.I., Cervantes A., Miralles L. Fernàndez M.A., Espiell F. 2005. Optimizing the APC residue washing process to minimize the release of chloride and heavy metals. Waste Management, 25, 686-693. Clavier, K.A., Watts, B., Liu, Y., Ferraro, C.C., Townsend, T.G., 2019. Risk and performance assessment of cement made using municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a cement kiln feed. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 146, 270–279. Degré, Jean-Pierre, and Karstensen, Kåre Helge, 2013. “Successful co-processing”. International Cement Review, February 2013. Diliberto, C., Meux, E., Diliberto, S., Garoux, L., Marcadier, E., Rizet, L., Lecomte, A., 2018. A zero- waste process for the management of MSWI fly ashes: production of ordinary Portland cement. Environ. Technol. Sep 20, 1–10. Engelsen, C. J., Wibetoe, G., Van Der Sloot, H.A, Lund, W., Petkovic, G., 2012. Field site leaching from recycled concrete aggregates applied as sub-base material in road construction. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 427, s 86- 97. Engelsen, C.J. Van Der Sloot, H.A., Wibetoe, G., Petkovic, G., 2009. Release of major elements from recycled concrete aggregates and geochemical modeling, Cement Concrete Res., vol. 39, 2009, p.446-459 Ferraro, C.C., Power, J.P., Roessler, J., Paris, J., Townsend, T.G., 2016. From Trash to Treasure. American Concrete Institute Committee, pp. 236. Ghouleh, Z., Shao, Y., 2018. Turning municipal solid waste incineration into a cleaner cement production. J. Clean. Prod. 195, 268–279. GNR (GCCA in numbers), 2019. GCCA. https:// gccassociation.org/gnr/ Hanein, T., Galvez-Martos, J.-.L., Bannerman, M.N., 2018. Carbon footprint of calcium sulfoaluminate clinker production. J. Clean. Prod. 172, 2278–2287. Hayes, J.B., Wang, J., Roessler, J.G., Ferraro, C.C., Wu, C.Y., Deford, D., Townsend, T.G. 2015. Evaluation of leaching of trace metals from concrete amended with cement kiln baghouse filter dust. 94, 92–98. Huang, T.Y., Chuieh, P.T., 2015. Life cycle assessment of reusing fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. Proced. Eng. 118, 984–991. Jones, K.B., Ruppert, L.F., Swanson, S.M., 2012. Leaching of elements from bottom ash, economizer fly ash, and fly ash from two coal-fired power plants. Int. J. Coal Geol. 94, 337–348. Joseph, A.M., Snellings, R., Van den Heede, P., Matthy, S., Belie, N.D., 2018. The use of municipal solid waste incineration ash in various building materials: a Belgian point of view. Materials 11 (1), 141. Juan Xu, Shao Feng Sun, Karstensen, Kåre Helge, Da Hai Yan and Zheng Peng. Co-processing Hazardous Waste in the Chinese Cement Industry - Status