Cement, Energy and Environment

2. How much waste, how much energy FIGURE 1: POWER POTENTIAL AND CALOR IFI C VALUES In 2004-2005, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) with the help of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) studied waste generation in 59 cities, including 35 metros and 24 capitals." This study showed New Delhi , Greater Mumbai, and Chennai to be the biggest waste generators in the country: 5,922 TPD, 5,320 TPD and 3,036 TPD respectively. It also 14.000 0 12.000 ... ... "0 10,000 .. - "' 8,000 ~ .. ::: 6,000 4.000 "' - "' .&: " "' D c. c "" E c 0 c. 0 " .&: "' ~ v - ., - - .. .. - .. .. .. ~ 1.:> - 1.:> - MSW generated (TPO) - Power potential (MW) ·~ ... ~ - • "0 " <I ., ~ - .E. - c. E Q "' ~ " "' " ., " - " D " " D c. ~ v 0. 0 .. "' c " 0 - c .. .. Q, " "' "' ., "' - .c - "' "0 "' ~ .D " "' "' ""' '0 c .. = c. " ... ., = .. -' J: "' .&: 0 .c <( v "" ~ - .. .. " .:::. -- "' ~ "' ., "' > - - 1.:> 1.:> ~ c. - .. "' ~ 1.:> I 200 ., 160 ° ~ "' ~ 120 ., 0 - " 80 " ~ -- ~ ~ 40 - 0 estimated the per capita waste generation rate based on population of cities . The report says that cities with less than 0.1 mi llion population Sovrc( ,,_ ... ,ln..: _.., :...,., 1 J!, :o· ... ~ :.. q 1, .,n,.. ,, 1 1 :•.h:• ....,,.., l7•''''~"' r • • J J ~ • Jsre- ro £ f'(•g, ;;.'iaf~rr.·. 11 r .:.~ i i"(IH"(}Jog, (O!i,(ll ·~VlUHi (O'vrr•U4 • Un .,,.,. ·ff f\• ~\ ~(~~; generated between 0.17 - 0.54 kg per capita wastes per day while cities with population ranging from 0.1 mil lion to 2 million generated between 0.19 to 0.59 kg per capita per day. Cities with more than 2 million population generated the highest per capita waste- 0.22- 0.62 kg per capita per day. Since then, other studies have shown that waste generation has at least doubled and the cities have changed ranks in terms of amount of waste they generate. A recent study sponsored by Waste to Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT) found that Kolkata is the largest waste generating city in India tossing about 11 ,520 TPD, followed by Mumbai at 11,124 TPD and then Delhi with a slightly lower figure of 11 ,040 TPD.8 The per capita generation of wastes is also different and varies from 0.2 kg per day in Kohima (Nagaland) to 1.2 kg per day in Thiruchirapally (Tamil Nadu) among a list of 366 cities with a population of more than 100,000. According to the WTERT study, the average per capita waste generation in urban India is about 0.498 kg per day-this translates to 129,593 TPD for al l of urban India. TABL£ 1: COST OF MSW TECHNOLOGY Asit Nema, Director, Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems, a non-profit, estimates the total MSW to be in the range of 113,000 TPD to 151 ,000 TPD.9 Another professional in the sector, Sanjay Gupta, Independent Adviser and Consultant, Water, Sanitation and Livelihoods, suggests MSW generation to be 115,000 TPD with a per capita waste generation in cities between 0.2 to 0.6 kg per day.!? He estimates annual increase of 1.3 per cent in urban waste generation in the next few years. Comprehensive data about waste in the country is, however, hard to come by. Such data is also significant because the composition of the wastes varies from city to city. It differs in terms of the compostable, recyclables and inerts. This directly impacts the potential of waste for composting, recycling and energy generation. For example, Chennai generates 6,118 TPD solid wastes. This is about half of what Kolkata generates. Yet a comparison of the electricity generating potential of wastes in the two cities shows Chennai (149 MW) has more potential than Kolkata (129.9). This is because the calorific value of wastes generated in Chennai (10.9 MJ/kg) is twice that of Kolkata (5 MJ/kg). Such links with calorific value of wastes and thei r power potential can be observed in Technology Capital Cost for 300 TPO waste Space required for 300 TPO waste other states too (See figure 1: Power potential and calorific values). handling.. • handling - 0 8 he< tare~· ~ 37 - 40 <rorE" -------- Mass burn woth energy recovNy ROF followed bv enerov re<overv ~ 65 crore ---,-~ ----- NA Boomethanallon followed by enerov recovery ScJmtt.Uy L.lndftll\ (•nclud,ng gas·lo cnPrqv r~covcry) . . • ' I I I I 1 rl ' ,, ol f ' 1 • -t I • 1 t '' I I ~ 100 crore 2 he<tare'• ---~ NA 36 he<ta• e' · · • • •. , ,, • • • • .'· p ,. . .. l • • ' • il ' •• ~~ •. t •• ' 3. Issues and challenges I. The financ ial predicament: Inadequate subsidies, low tariffs MSW projects are expensive. A 300 TPD MSW project based on biomethanation technology can cost Rs 100 crore (see table 1: Cost of MSW technology). Simi larly, a 300 TPD MSW project based on combustion can cost Rs 37~ 65 crore. 46