Cement, Energy and Environment

• r ' -l )' . t • I • capacity, awareness or resources for its enforcement. There was lack of information on the methodology of emission analysis and on the evaluation of analytical data from continuous emissions monitoring. Waste statistics were more or less not updated and documentation systems for tracing waste were not known. Legal Background: Basel conv ention and definit ion of Co-processing Basel Convention deals with the trans– boundary movement and disposal of hazardous wastes as well as other chemical wastes by regulating and controlling the movement of scheduled hazardous wastes from OECD countries to non-OECD countries. India ratified the convention in 1992 showing India's commitment to solve the problem of transboundary movement and disposal (or dumping) of hazardous wastes through international cooperation. Restrictions imposed by the Convention aim at encouraging the signatory countries to reduce generation with proper treatment and disposal in an Environmentally Safe Manner. The Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions also aim at reducing or eliminating various types of hazardous emission. Avoidance Minimization R ~L.yd ~ & R~u~t Incineration Chem-Ph~sica l P re-tre:~tment Landiill ing IJnmaMI !P.ci WastP. Figure-1 Waste Hierarchy Co-processing: This refers to the use of waste materials in industrial processes, such as cement, lime, or steel production and power stations or any other la rge combustion plants. Co-processing means the substitution of primary fuel and raw material by waste. It is a recovery of energy and material from waste. AFR (Alte rna tive Fue l and Raw Materia ls): This refers to was te ma teria ls used for co-processing. Such wastes typically incl ude plastics and paper/card from commer cial and industria l activities, waste tires, waste oils, biomass waste, waste textiles, residues from car dismantling operations, hazardous industrial 1 waste as well as obsolete pes t icides, outdated drugs, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Co-processing of hazardous waste in cement production has been recognized as an environmentally sound disposal method in the context of the Basel Convention. (The 'Basel Convention Technical Guidelines on Incineration on Land', SBC, 1995 (paragraphs 26-27). In tandem with waste hierarchy approach, the Hazardous wastes (Management and Handling & Transboundary movement) Rules, 2008 notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, GOI provided for a specific section i.e. ; Rule 11 dedicated to utilization of hazardous wastes. Central Pollution Control Board under the Hazardous wastes (Management and Handling & Transboundary movement) Rules, 2008 has been empowered to accord approval for utilization of hazardous wastes. Most of these wastes have characteri stics suited to their utilization as resource material either for recovery of energy or materials like metals or their utility in construction, manufacture of low-grade articles or recovery of the product itsel f, which after processing can be util ized as a resource material. In order to streamline the procedure of co-processing , the CPCB has prepared guidelines. Indian Cement Indust ry and Use of AFR The cement industry consumes a significant amount of natural resources and energy. It also cont ributes worldwide to the development and modernization of cities and infrastructure. India has 185 large scale cement plants spread across the all States. Indian cement industry is the second largest in the world with total installed cement capacity of about 339.5 million tonnes per year and 168.3 million tonnes per year production