Cement Energy and Environment

production, where even subtle fBatures such as secondary peaks were reproduced , provides strong evidence that the processes associated with IW production were exothermic. 2. Measurable water was composed of two fractions discerned as long and short T2 peaks that corresponded well with capillary and gel pore water identified in previous studies using white cement. The cessation of gel pore formation -40 h after the commencement of hydration provides strong evidence that C-S– H interlayer water was not being measured by the 1 H relaxometry method used here. This in turn supports the concept that interlayer water is a product of exothermic hydration reactions. 3. A period of initial T2 decline (lTD) marked the start of hydration following the induction period and encompassed the acceleration phase of the hydration peak. The formation of hydration products during this period was not associated with the formation of gel pore spaces Energy Energy Efficiency INDIAN ENERGY EFFICIENCY SPEND SET TO HIT $5BN BY 2020 Mandatory energy-efficiency trading scheme could unleash multibillion-dollar mar~:et, says market tracker Spending on energy efficiency in India could hit $5bn (£3.4bn) by 2020, according to the latest report from market tracker Sustainable Outlook . suggesting a fibrillar growth form of C-S-H, possibly of low density and extending into the pore space causing an order of magnitude decrease in the T2 relaxation time. 4. Gel pore formation did not commence until the peak of hydration was reached indicating a change in C-S- H morphology in accord with the Jennings colloid model [15] where gel pore space is associated with layered C-S-H gel globules. 5. The presence of retardants appeared to have only minor effects apart from substantial extension of the induction period. The gel pore formation period was somewhat extended and the rate of formation more constant, however, once C-S-H densification was underway, all treatments displayed identical behaviour with respect to hydration degree. Courtesy: Cement and Concrete Research 83 (2016) 131-139, Copy from internet In its energy efficiency update, the Consultancy estimated the potential spend on energy efficiency for industries mandated to take in the Indian government's Perform-Achieve-Trade (PAT) scheme to amount 30,000 crores ($5bn) over the next four years. The Pat scheme is a market-based mechanism launched in 2008 under India's national climate change action plan, and is designed to increase the energy efficiency of the most energy-intensive sectors. Participation in the scheme has been mandatory since 2010 for eight high-energy sectors including the aluminum, cement, and pulp industries, with a total of 60 per cent of India's primary energy over 478 facilities now covered. Under the scheme, each facility's baseline is determined by its individual energy consumption between 2007 and 2010, with facilities that are already more energy efficient being given a smaller reduction target than less energy-efficient ones. Industries which achieve surplus energy– efficiency changes over the required period receive "energy-saving certificates" which they can 64 ;