CEE Oct-Dec 2012

. Core ··~· ... ,_~~ ·, ;- Generalf~arameters ; - 'Ft'eld a· 10 1 · · · .. ·: • • • · _ r • • • • race Pest1c1des f. ~ar~m.eters .... · ~ · ,, . · observations Monitoring Metals - . Turb1d1ty, NTU Temperature Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, as CaC03 Conductivity To\al Alkalinity, a~J~aC03 Dissolved Chlorides, mg/L Oxygen COD, mgiL Sodium, mg/L Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L Total Fixed Dissloved Solids, mg/L Total Suspended Solids, mg/L Phosphate Weather Saprobity Index Approximate Diversity depth of main Index stream/depth of water table Colour and P/R Ratio intensity Odour Phosphate Arsenic BHC, giL g/L Cadmium, DDT, g/L giL Copper, Endosulphan, giL g/L Lead, giL Dialdrin, giL Chromium Aldrin, giL (Total), giL Nitrate-N Total Kjeldahl- Boron, mg/L Visible effluent Nickel, giL Carbamate, g/L N, as N mg/L discharge Nitrite-N Ammonia - N, as Magnesium, N mgiL as CaC03 Fecal Coli Hardness, as Potassium, form CaC03 mgiL Total Coli Calcium as Fluoride, form CaC03 mgiL Sulphate, mgiL Oil which forms a surface film on the river can coat plants and animals reducing oxygenation from the atmosphere above. The film of oil that floats over the water body affects the transmission of light through the water body there by disturbing the process of photosynthesis in the aquatic plants. In animals, oil coating can destroy the insulating properties of fur and feathers. Oil bio-accumulates in the higher animals and further enters the food chain. Detergents create frothing , and can harm invertebrates and fish; as they are a major source of phosphates. Moreover, petroleum or grease spilled over water also produces chemicals that are extremely harmful for marine animals. BOD may be defined as the rate of removal of oxygen by microorganisms in aerobic degradation of the dissolved organic matter in water over a 5- day period. Increases in BOD can be due to heavy discharge of industrial wastewater effluent animal and crop wastes and domestic sewage: BOD values have been widely adopted as a measure of pollution effect. It is one of the most common measures of pollutant organic material in water. It indicates the amount of putrescible organic matter present in water. Sources of BOD in aquatic environment include leaves and woody debris, dead plants and animals, animal manure, industrial effluents, wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, and food-processing plants, failing septic inc, giL Mercury, giL Iron (Total), g/L 2.4-D, giL systems, and urban storm water runoff. According to UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development the maximum permitted BOD content is <100 to 300 mg/L. It is important here to note that low BOD content is an indicator of good quality water, while a high BOD ind icates polluted water. BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the water. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low DO: aquatic organisms become stressed suffocate and die. ' Chemical oxygen demand (COD) does not differentiate between biologically available and inert organic material , and it is a measure of the total quality of oxygen required to oxidize all organic material into carbon dioxide and water. COD values are always greater than BOD values, but COD measurements can be made in a few hours while BOD measurements take five days. TDS content in water is a measure for salinity. A large number of salts are found dissolved in natural waters, the common ones are carbonates bicarbonates, chlorides, sulphates, phosphate~ and nitrates of calcium, magnesium, sodium potassium, iron, and manganese, etc. A high content of dissolved solid elements affects the density of water, influences osmo regulation of 2