CEE Jan-Mar 2012

megawatt or more daily, to buy supply from sources of his choice. Use of captive power by industries hit Mahavitaran's business, especially its cross subsidy module in which it charges industries more than the average rates to offer cheaper rates to the domestic and economically weaker con– sumers. The state had encour– aged the use of captive power when it was power deficient. The duty will be applicable to renewable energy like captive wind power plants (1500MW) and cogeneration plants (250MW) of sugar factories. Energy secretary Vidhyadhar Kanade said, "We have raised electricity duty and we will amend the relevant act." SL Patil , secretary general of Thane Belapur Industries Association (TBIA), Asia's largest industrial corridor, strongly opposed the hike. "Actually, captive producers should get benefits as they take significant load off the state's beleaguered company," he said. Courtesy: The Hindustan Times, January 3, 2012, Mumbai Alternative Energy, Fuels & Raw Materials ALTERNATIVE FUELS IN THE CEMENT INDUSTRY Altemwive .fite!s ure inueasingh· used in the c:emellf indust1:r. On~\' if' the total chain considered. .from identification and sourcing. pre-processing of a/tematil·e /ite!s and /'(/\\' materials for the prehe~ter w the rf!fining of' appropriate.fi1els for the main lmmer. a wilor-nwde co-processing concept can he dew/oped. Dr. Hubert Baier, Dipl.-lng. Karl Menzel, Vecoplan Fl.[el Track GmbH, Bad Marienberg!Germany In the following, concepts are introduced based on the mechanical, physical and thermal processing of substitute fuels. With increasing international cost pressures not only the applications of alternative raw materials and fuels are substituted but increasingly also substitute fuels are interchanged by more reasonable offers. However, in order to be able to further increase the applications product and emission neutral, substitute fuel production and pre-engineering must be optimally coordinated . Among other things this leads to a retrofitting of the cement rotary kilns with appropriate technical solutions. Initial position Due to the continuing energy cost fluctuations and the discussions on the sustainable protection of resources the German cement industry was able to continually reduce its entire power requirement as a resul t of technical optimization. After the first oil crisis, for reasons of cost a switch was made first from oil to coal and, due to its high energy content and relatively easy handling, to waste oil and used tyres. Later, this was followed by solvents, bleaching earths and oil sludges. "Lignite-like" solid substitute fuels of production- specific commercial wastes, wood, sewage sludges, bleaching earths and so forth were processed by the main burner, the kiln inlet or - if available - the calciner. Since the use of individually processed wastes probably had no effect on the emission balance of the plant or on process engineering or product quality, the wastes may now also be mixed for processing and use. Thus, after an initial interference and later urging of German politics (e.g. regarding the ban on the feeding of animal meal in 2000 or the implementation of the TASi (Technical Guideline for Residential Waste) in 2005, perm1ss1on was granted to increase the use of substitute fuels continuously. In 2010, the substitution rate on the national average of the VDZ member plants increased to 64. 2 per cent of the thermal power requirement (Figure 1). In the meantime, the substitute fuel production and use have been established to the point that especially countries , extremely dependent on external energy resources increasingly take into account integrated waste and energy Figure1. On average thermal substitution rate at VDZ member plantsfrom 1987 to 2010(VDZ 2011). 40