Cement Energy and Environment

- ( • In the physical market there shall exist: Long term deals to cover Short term deals, day ahe-ad contracts Real time balancing contracts • Financial power markets and power derivatives market presently nonexistent expected to develop • Start with simple forwards I futures and swaps contracts on electricity • Thereafter options, swap options and then finally structured contracts • For long term sustenance and growth both physical and financial power markets need to remain closely coupled to one another. Renewable Energy • Recent regulation on renewable energy by the central commission • Expected that players will make best use of the provision of the regulation for increased participation in the renewable energy sector • Solar Thermal to grow • More renewable wind power supply will come on stream and will be integrated with the main grid • Energy efficiency initiatives will help reduce base load demand response programmers will help reduce peak loads. Regional cooperation • Most countries in this region face similar problems like inadequate infrastructure, power shortage etc. • Complete South Asia Region will get integrated as an energy market. • Cross border electricity transactions • Hydro energy surplus region in the Himalayan belt to high consumption load centers and energy deficit regions • Recently the Commission organized SAFIR in which there was active interest from all South Asian Countries. Conclusion Expected that over the years there will be convergence in trading oil, gas, coal, power, environmental markets leading to a creation of an integrated "energy market" in India and South Asia. Courtesy: India Power, October– December 2011, Pp18 -21. F native Energy, Fuels and Raw Materials VARIOUS IMPACTS OF UTILIZING RICE HUSK AS ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN CEMENT KILN PLANT L.M. Farag, Ceramic Dept, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt Abstract: The present article deals with estimation and evaluation of various impacts of using rice husk as alternative fuel, substituting conventional fuels e.g. natural gas and heavy fuel oil, in kiln plant of modern cement dry process with precalciner. Besides acting as a source of heat, rice husk acts as a source of raw material through the remaining ash after its combustion . Effects on operation conditions of the kiln plan and characteristics of the raw mix and the produced clinker have been evaluated. The evaluations have been referred to actual industrial conditions of an Egyptian cement kiln plant. It has been found that rice husk is characterized by moderate calorifi c value (-3014 kcal/kg husk) and relatively large amount of evolved combustion gases (1.26Nm 3 /1OOOkcal evolved combustion heat) which is larger than the corresponding values of heavy fuel oil and natural gas by about 12 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. Such large amount of combustion gases would cause increase of specific heat consumption of the kiln plant or decrease of its productivity for the same specific heat consumption. Regarding its effect on the intensity of circulation phenomena of secondary constituents (chlorides, alkalis and sulphates) in the kiln plant, rice husk can be considered advantageous regarding its minor content of chlorides and su lphates which represent the main cause of intense circulation phenomena in Egyptian cement kiln plants. That would have a suppressing effect on heat consumption as a result of decrease of the kiln gas fraction that has to be diverted through the kiln by pass. Amount of C0 2 evolved in combustion of rice husk (0.209 Nm 3 I 1000 kcal evolved heat) is larger than that evolved in combustion of heavy fuel oil by about 24 per cent and than that of natural gas by about 77 per cent. However, rice husk 19